Effects of fine sediment, hyporheic flow, and spawning site characteristics on survival and development of bull trout embryos
نویسندگان
چکیده
Successful spawning is imperative for the persistence of salmonid populations, but relatively little research has been conducted to evaluate factors affecting early life-stage survival for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), a threatened char. We conducted a field experiment to assess the relationship between site-specific environmental factors and bull trout embryo survival and fry emergence timing. Survival from egg to hatch was negatively related to percent fine sediment (<1 mm) in the redd and positively related to the strength of downwelling at spawning sites. Survival of eggs to fry emergence was also negatively related to fine sediment, and the best statistical models included additional variables that described the rate of downwelling and intragravel flow within the incubation environment. Fry emerged at an earlier stage in development from redds with high percentages of fine sediment. Increased hydraulic conductivity via redd construction and selection of spawning siteswith strong downwelling appear to enhance hyporheic flow rates and bull trout egg survival, but early life-stage successmay ultimately be limited by intrusion of fine sediment into the incubation environment. Résumé : Si le succès du frai est un impératif pour la persistance des populations de salmonidés, assez peu de travaux se sont penchés sur l’évaluation des facteurs ayant une incidence sur la survie des premiers stades du cycle de vie de l’omble à tête plate (Salvelinus confluentus), une espèce menacée. Nous avons mené une expérience de terrain visant à évaluer le lien entre les facteurs ambiants propres au site, d’une part, et la survie des embryons et le moment de l’émergence des alevins, d’autre part. La survie des embryons jusqu’à l’éclosion présentait une relation négative avec le pourcentage de sédiments fins (<1 mm) dans le nid de frai et une relation positive avec la force de la plongée d’eau dans le site de frai. La survie desœufs jusqu’à l’émergence des alevins était également négativement reliée aux sédiments fins, et les meilleurs modèles statistiques intégraient des variables supplémentaires pour décrire le débit de plongée d’eau et d’écoulement dans le gravier dans le milieu d’incubation. Les alevins émergeaient à un stade plus précoce de leur développement dans les nids présentant un pourcentage élevé de sédiments fins. Si une conductivité hydraulique accrue découlant de la construction du nid et la sélection de lieux de frai avec une forte plongée d’eau semblent accroître les débits hyporhéiques et la survie desœufs d’ombles à tête plate, le succès des stades précoces du cycle de vie pourrait ultimement être limité par l’intrusion de sédiments fins dans le milieu d’incubation. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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